What health hazard is associated with birds, specifically pigeons and starlings?

The health hazard associated with birds, particularly pigeons and starlings, is primarily linked to histoplasmosis. This fungal infection arises from the spores of the Histoplasma capsulatum fungus, which thrives in environments rich in bird droppings. When these droppings accumulate, the spores can become airborne, leading individuals who inhale them to potentially develop respiratory issues and other symptoms.

Both pigeons and starlings are common urban birds that often congregate in large numbers, leading to significant buildup of their droppings in certain areas, such as rooftops, attics, and other confined spaces. This creates a heightened risk for individuals living or working in proximity to these birds.

In contrast, while cryptococcosis, avian flu, and West Nile virus are all illnesses that can affect humans and are associated with birds, they do not have the same direct relationship with pigeons and starlings as histoplasmosis does. Cryptococcus is more commonly associated with pigeon droppings, but histoplasmosis is more prevalent and recognized as a significant health risk in scenarios specifically involving these birds.